Evaluation of Diode laser (940 nm) irradiation effect on microleakage in class V composite restoration before and after adhesive application

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran

2 Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

3 Laser Research Center in Medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

4 Laser Research Center, Dental School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

5 Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

6 Private dentist, Neyshabur, Iran

7 Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: Nowadays, the main focus of dental studies is on adhesive dental materials; since clinical long-term success of bonded restorations depended more on marginal microleakage minimization. So, the aim of this study was Evaluation of Diode laser irradiation effect on microleakage in class V composite restoration before and after adhesive application. Materials and methods: In this in vitro-experimental study, standard class V cavity was prepared on lingual and buccal surfaces of 60 premolar teeth. For evaluation of microleakage, 60 teeth were divided randomly into four groups A, B, C, D (n=15):
A) primer + adhesive (Clearfil TM SE Bond), B) primer + Diode laser + adhesive (940nm wave-length, 21J total energy, 0.7W power, 30s irradiation time) C) primer + adhesive + Diode laser D) primer + Diode laser + adhesive + Diode laser. Then, restoration was completed by Z250 composite. For data analyzing, we used SPSS 16 software. For statistical analysis, we used Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis & Mann-Whitney tests at 0.05% significance level.  Results: According to non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, microleakage scores had not significant difference before and after laser irradiation on gingival margins (p=0.116). But, in occlusal margins the results were significant among the groups (p=0.015). Also according to non-parametric Mann-Whitney tests among the occlusal microleakage scores, group B and D (Diode laser irradiation after primer and Diode laser irradiation after primer and adhesive) showed significant results. Conclusion: This study findings showed that in 6th generation adhesives, Diode laser irradiation on self-etch primer before bonding have significant effect on reduction of occlusal marginal microleakage in class V cavities although there was no significant positive effect of Diode laser on gingival margins.
 
 

Keywords

Main Subjects


Introduction

Nowadays, the use of various types of composites is preferred by both dentists and patients because of their beautiful appearance and conservative technique. Although mechanical and physical properties of such composites have been improved in recent years, the contraction of polymerization still is their main drawback (1).

Stress-induced "polymerization shrinkage" can lead to detachment of the dentin-composite junction and consequently marginal leakage will occur (2). Micro-leakage is a dynamic phenomenon which is mainly caused by the penetration of liquids, bacteria, and ionic compounds into the prepared cavity wall and restoration materials. This phenomenon has been regarded as the main cause of composite restoration failures, secondary caries, hypersensitivity, and pulp inflammations (3, 4) .In this regard, in recent years much attention has been paid to the use of adhesive systems in order to promote the dentine-composite junction, minimizing micro-leakage, and preparing dental cavities with the minimum amount of tissue removal (5).

Adhesive systems have been categorized into two main categories based on their methods of application and their connection mechanisms; self-etching adhesive systems and etch & rinse adhesive systems
 (1,2,6). In the former category, the dentin etching process does not carry out and the acidic monomers presented in the adhesive system etches the dentin and enamel surfaces and thereby facilitates the penetration of resin in the demineralized dentin (5). Accordingly, the self-etching adhesive systems are preferred because the rinsing and drying steps are deleted, the required time would be reduced, and also there are lesser opportunities for human errors to occur (7-9).  

In recent years laser systems have found many applications in preparing and processing of surfaces of organic and inorganic materials (9, 10).

The first use of such systems in dentistry field went back to the beginning of 1960 decade and Laser application in dentistry has been increasingly increased during the recent two decades. Given the vast range of laser systems' capabilities, it can be utilized for various purposes in the field of dentistry. The followings are some dentistry-related processes which can be performed using laser systems; the preparation of dental cavities, caries removal, removal of previous restoration, etching of enamel and dentin surfaces, treatment of hypersensitivity, caries prevention, and bleaching (10-13).

Having a wide range of frequency, capability in shaping material surfaces, high energy density, and capability of being concentrated on a point are some of the advantages that laser systems benefit from, and why such systems have found many applications in various area (9).

The most conventionally used laser systems in dentistry include CO2 laser, Nd:YAG (Neodymium: Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet), Erbium  family lasers
(Er: YAG and Er, Cr: YSGG), and Diode lasers (14).  Diode laser system is a common one used prevalently in the dentistry field. It is utilized a semi-conductor media to produce a laser beam. Gallium-aluminum-arsenide (GaAlAs) is the best known type of semiconductor laser with a wavelength between 800 and 980 nm (15).

In recent years, dental researchers have made many attempts to investigate the effects of laser irradiation on the adhesive systems which have been located on the dentin surface before being polymerized by light. As far as we know, the research conducted by Goncalve et al has been the first one in which the effect of laser beams on adhesive systems are investigated (16, 17). Moreover, the studies to assess the effects of such systems on the micro-leakage rate are rare. Kawaguchi et al is one the few studies which have been conducted in this area, which reported no effect of laser systems on micro-leakage. Therefore, there is a need to conduct more studies in this area to find out how the laser systems can affect micro-leakage of composite restoration (18).

Accordingly, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of Diode laser (940 nm) irradiation on micro-leakage of class V composite restoration before and after applying the bonding agent.  

 

Materials and methods

In this experimental study, 60 human premolar teeth which were free of cavities, previous restorations, fractures, and wearing were selected to be investigated (19). Several steps were conducted to prepare the teeth for the study; 1. Soft tissues remaining on the teeth surface were removed by a hand scalar; 2. The teeth were thoroughly washed and cleaned by pumice; 3. They were examined under a light microscope for assuring that they met the inclusion criteria of the study; 4. They were disinfected by submerging under 0.2 percent thymol solution until 24 hours before the study; 5. After which they were placed in distilled water at room temperature.

Teeth preparation for investigating the
micro-leakage

On the buccal and lingual surfaces of each tooth a standard U-shape cavity with dimensions of 1.5 mm (buccolingual) * 3 mm (mesiodistal) * 2 mm (occlusoginigval) was created utilizing a Diamond Cylindrical Grinding device (Tizkavan Tehran, Iran) and a high speed handpiece (BienAir, Switzerland). The cavity was created so that its occlusal margin was 1 mm above CEJ and its gingival margin was 1 mm lower than CEJ.

Groups of the study

In the next, the teeth were randomly categorized into four equal groups (A, B, C, D) according to the Simple randomization method (Roll of a die);

•        Group A (control group): primer + bonding agent + composite

In accordance with the manufacturer (Kuraray Dental, Japan), the primer was implemented for 20 seconds. Then, air drying was done and the bonding agent (Kuraray Dental Clearfil SE Primer, Japan) was located on the cavity surface of the teeth. Next, the teeth were cured using Demetron A.2 (Kerr, Germany) for ten seconds at 1100 mW/cm2. Samples were covered by resin composite (FiltekTMZ250, 3M ESPE, USA) with A2 color, height of 4 mm, and 2 mm thickness. Then, samples were cured for 40 seconds. At the end, the overall treatment was cured for 40 seconds again. The composite and bonding system (sixth generation, Clearfil SE bond, Kuraray, Japan) were the same for all groups.

•        Group B: primer + Diode laser irradiation + bonding system + composite 

All steps were the same as those of Group A, except that the diode laser irradiation was applied after the implementation of primer. The characteristics of the laser beam are presented in Table 1. Moreover, the laser beam was irradiated from a distance of 5 mm, by a sweeping motion, and for 30 seconds.

•        Group C: primer + bonding system + Diode laser irradiation + composite

All the steps performed for treating the teeth of this group were the same as those used for the teeth of Group B, except that the diode laser irradiation was implemented after adding the bonding agent and before using the light polymerization. The characteristics of the laser beam were the same as those of group B (Table 1).

•        Group D: primer + Diode laser irradiation + bonding system + Diode laser irradiation + composite

For treating the teeth of this group, the laser irradiation was used both before and after the implementation of bonding agent. Other procedures were the same as those of other groups.

 

Table 1. the characteristics of the laser beam

Wavelength

940 nm

Power

0.7 W

Time of irradiation

30 s

The laser spot size

0.017 mm2

The surface area of the irradiated zone

21 mm2

Total energy

21 J

Power density

39.7 W/cm2

Energy density on the irradiated area

100 J/cm2

Irradiation mode

Continuous

Tip

E4

Investigation of micro-leakage

The following steps were conducted in order to investigate the microleakage at each group; 1. Samples were submerged in water for 24 hours at 37 C; 2. The teeth were polished using special discs
(Soflex, 3M ESPE, USA) and water; 3. Samples were exposed to 5-55 C heat cycles for 1000 times in a thermal bath (Nemo Mashhad, Iran) with a dwell time of 30 seconds and a transfer time of 5 seconds; 4. All teeth surfaces as well as mesial and distal surfaces were covered by two layers of nail varnish; 5. The samples were submerged in a basic fuchsine dye solution at room temperature for 24 hours; 6. After this period of time, samples were washed by water stream for 5 minutes; 7. To fuchsine dye to be stabilized, the samples were dried by placing at room temperature for 24 hours; 8. In the next step, the teeth were cut into two parts by a cutting machine (Nemo Mashhad, Iran); 9. Finally, the teeth were assessed by a Stereo microscope (Olympus SZX16, Japan) at a magnification of 40× to rank their status in terms of microleakage based on the following criteria; (Fig 1,2).

0-      There was no penetrated dye in the tooth

1-      The penetration of dye in the gingival or occlusal directions was less than 1/3 cavity wall.

2-      The penetration of dye in the gingival or occlusal directions was between 1/3-2/3 cavity wall.

3-      The penetration of dye in the gingival or occlusal directions were higher 2/3 but not reached the axial surface.

4-      The penetration of dye was reached the axial surface.

Statistical analysis

In the present study, non-parametric Kruskal-wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were employed to compare the groups.

 

Results

For assessing the difference among the groups in terms of their microleakage level from the gingival margin (Table 2), Kruskal-wallis nonparametric test was employed, which showed no significant difference among the groups (p-value=0.116), so no further analysis was conducted (Table 3).

The same test was used to assess the difference among groups in terms of their microleakage level from occlusal margin, the results indicated a significant difference (p=0.015), so the analysis was followed by Mann-Whitney test to compare the groups in a pairwise manner. Table 4 represents the results of Mann-Whitney test, performed to compare the groups with each other in terms of their microleakage from occlusal margin status. As evident in this table, there was a significant difference between group A (control group) and group B (in which the laser beam was irradiated after the primer) (p=0.029). Moreover, the difference between group A and group D was also of significant importance (p=0.041). Furthermore, there was a significant difference between group B (in which the laser beam was irradiated after the primer) and group C (in which the laser beam was irradiated after the implementation of bonding agent) (p=0.029). The difference between group C and group D was also significant (p=0.037).

 

 

 

Table 2. Frequency distributions of microleakage scores (percentages) on occlusal and gingival margins

among the different groups tested.

Groups

 

Score 0

Score 1

Score 2

Score 3

Score 4

Group A

Occlusal

5

3

3

1

3

%33.3

%20

%20

%6.6

%20

Gingival

2

3

3

3

4

%13.3

%20

%20

%20

%26.6

Group B

Occlusal

10

4

0

1

0

%66.6

%26.6

%0

%6.6

%0

Gingival

6

4

2

2

1

%40

%26.6

%13.3

%13.3

%6.6

Group C

Occlusal

7

3

2

1

2

%46.6

%20

%13.3

%6.6

%13.3

Gingival

3

5

3

3

1

%20

%33.3

%20

%20

%6.6

Group D

Occlusal

10

3

2

0

0

%66.6

%20

%13.3

%0

%0

Gingival

5

5

4

1

0

%33.3

%33.3

%26.6

%6.6

%0

 

 

 

 

Figure 1. A typical sample with a microleakage level equal to rank 0

 

Figure 2. A typical sample with a microleakage level equal to rank 4

 

 

Table 3.The results of Kruskal-Wallis test for comparing the amount of gingival and occlusal marginal microleakage

Gingival leakage

Mean Rank

Number

P value

Group A

38.37

15

 

 

0.116

Group B

27.63

15

Group C

31.97

15

Group D

24.03

15

 

Occlusal leakage

Mean Rank

Number

P value

Group A

37.23

15

 

 

0.015

Group B

23.37

15

 

Group C

37.33

15

 

Group D

24.07

15

Table 4. The results of Mann-Whitney tests for comparing the groups with each other

Groups (ranking based on microleakge status)

Compared to

p.value

Group A (control) (rank 0)

Group B (laser beam irradiation after the primer)

0.029

Group C (laser beam irradiation after applying the bonding agent)

0.93

Group D (laser irradiation after applying primer and bonding agent)

0.041

Group B (laser beam irradiation after the primer) (rank 1)

Group C (laser beam irradiation after applying the bonding agent)

0.029

Group D (laser irradiation after applying primer and bonding agent)

0.93

Group C (laser beam irradiation after applying the bonding agent)  (rank 2)

Group D (laser irradiation after applying primer and bonding agent)

0.037

 


 


Discussion

In the present study, we attempted to evaluate the effect of Diode laser (940 nm) irradiation on microleakage of class V composite restoration before and after applying the bonding agent and find the best way through which the maximum utilization would be achieved.

The results of the present study demonstrated that the use of Diode laser (940 nm) system after applying primer and before bonding agent implementation step improved the occlusal margin microleakage reduction significantly higher than what can be obtained from applying the ordinary protocol (control group).

Microleakage has been defined as the immigration and penetration of bacteria, liquids, chemicals, molecules, and ions from the dentin-composite junction (20, 21). Although various methods have been recommended so far for preventing such a phenomenon, none of them has been proved to be totally effective (22).

It has been demonstrated by many studies that Clearfil-SE Bond adhesive has an acceptable level of resistance against destruction, which can be due to a high percentage of camphorquinone presented in this adhesive leading into a favorable level of polymerization (23-25). Moreover, the presence of 10- Methacryloxy Decyl Dihydrogen Phosphate (10- MDP) complex as a functional monomer with high potential in making chemical bonds with hydroxyapatite particles may be another reason why such an adhesive has an acceptable level of quality and resistance to destruction (24, 26).

To obtain a better adhesion and a reduction of microleakage, laser systems can provide a wider microtentive area free from any smear layers which is why some researchers have recommended such systems to be used during restoration process (27, 28). However, in recent years some different laser-based procedures have been proposed for improving the adhesion of restorative material to the dental tissues. Gonçalves et al employed the laser irradiation before the polymerization step (17). In another study, kawaguichi et al utilized Nd: YAG laser irradiation to control microleakages from the Class V composite restorations (18).

As an alternative, Diode laser beam with a wavelength close to infrared wavelengths (940 nm) and characteristics similar to those of Nd: YAG can be utilized for accomplishing the same purposes. Diode laser system has several advantages which make it an interesting option such as portability, availability in the market, small size, low weight, and a lower price compared to other counterparts (19).

The results of the present study demonstrated that using laser irradiation had no effect on the microleakage level of the gingival margin. The results are in line with those of Kawaguchi et al, as they also reported no effect from Nd:YAG laser beam irradiation on the microleakage level, regardless of the step in which the laser irradiation is applied (18).

The same results were reported by the study carried out by Araujo et al, in which it was explained that the highest level of microleakage was associated with the group which had been treated by applying laser beam irradiation after the implementation of primer and bonding agent (29). In contrast, Navarro et al explained that the use of Nd:YAG laser beam irradiation in restorative treatments improved the margin sealing and reduced microleakage level (30). Moreover, some studies have postulated that the irradiation of laser beam would improve quality of the substrate in the way that the dentin and adhesive are completely fused together, leading to the dentinal tubules to be closed and thereby reduce microleakage level (31). Franke et al, notified that the irradiation of Nd:YAG beam at a low energy density after the implementation of adhesive and before the polymerization had a positive effect on treatment outcome (32). Accordingly, using a laser system with characteristics different from those used by previous studies can be suggested as a possible explanation why we did not find a significant difference among the groups in terms of microleakage from gingival margin. For example, the power of laser system used by Navarro et al, was 1.2-2 W, while the power of diode laser system used in the present study was about 0.7 W (30). However, it should be noted that the use of high power laser beam can fuse the dentin substrate and restorative materials. The temperature changes occur in pulp chamber is another issue that should be taken into account when a high power laser beam is used (33). 

According to the results of the present study, the irradiation of diode laser beam after the implementation of primer and bonding (groups B and D) reduced the microleakage level from the occlusal margin. The results are consistent with those of Wen, Obeidi, Navarro, and White (30, 34-36). Moreover, the results of the present study demonstrated that the reduction in microleakage from occlusal margin of cavities with enamel margins were higher than those cavities with gingival margins, which is in line with those reported by Hepdeniz and Ansari . This finding can be explained by considering the fact that dentin is a more complex structure than enamel is and the presence of water between collagen fibers prevents the resin components from penetrating into dentin tissue, and consequently, the microleakage level would increase in gingival margins with dentin margins
(37, 38). Therefore, the reason behind microleakage reduction can be the sealing improvement of connective surfaces because of the high temperature provided by laser irradiation, which facilitates the penetration of adhesive components into the tubules of etched dentin (39). This high temperature can also cause the primer solvent to be evaporated that reduces the negative effects water and other solvent components have on the linkages between dentin and restorative materials (40, 41). These explanations are in line with what reported by Reis et al (42).

In this regard, Franke and Marimoto (32, 43). have explained the role played by heat and hot air in increasing the penetration depth of adhesive systems and thereby improving bond strength. The local hot spot created by Diode laser irradiation can promote the transformation of adhesive. Similar to the present study, Maenosono et al (19). also have observed that the application of Diode laser beam after the bonding step would improve bond strength, mainly because of the heat produced in adhesive as a result of laser beam absorption. They also postulated that the absorption of laser beam by adhesive can create a new substrate which improves the dentin-adhesive bond strength. The heat produced by laser system and the low viscosity of the primer are two possible causes why an improvement in penetration depth of primer followed by an increased penetration of the bonding agent was observed.

 

Conclusion

In conclusion, irradiation of diode laser beam on sixth generation's adhesive systems, Clearfil SE Bond, has no significant effect on microleakage level of gingival margin of class V cavities. However, the effects are significant on the occlusal margin when the laser beam is irradiated after the primer and before the application of bonding agent.

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